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本案保证人应否承担保证责任/黄磊

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案情简介:2007年3月5日,A银行与王某签订金额为1万元的借款合同一份,借款期限一年。同日,A银行将1万元贷款发放给王某,后王某将该款项交给赵某使用。2008年3月6日A银行与赵某签订借款合同一份,合同载明:借款金额为1万元,借款期限一年,借款用途为购买原材料。王某为该笔贷款提供连带保证。实际上该笔贷款被赵某用来偿还2007年3月5日王某在A银行所贷的1万元借款。2008年6月A银行向Y区人民法院起诉,要求赵某、王某偿还2008年3月6日所贷1万元借款本金及利息。Y区人民法院审理后认为,主合同当事人双方协议以新贷偿还旧贷,除保证人知道或应当知道外,保证人不承担民事责任。A银行与赵某约定该笔贷款用途为购买原材料,但实际该笔贷款却被用来偿还此前的贷款,借贷双方骗取王某担保,依照《担保法》第三十条、《担保法解释》第三十九条第一款的规定,判令赵某偿还借款本金1万元及利息,驳回对王某的诉讼请求。A银行不服该判决,上诉至L中院,L中院审理后驳回上诉,维持原判。

笔者认为本案的裁判结果似有不妥,王某应当承担保证责任。

本案一、二审之所以认定王某不承担保证责任,原因在于:对前一份借款合同,因赵某借新还旧,债务已消灭,故王某无须偿还;对后一份借款合同,因A银行与赵某在合同中约定借款用途为购买原材料,实际上却用来清偿前一份借款合同项下的贷款,根据《担保法》第三十条第(一)项规定:“主合同当事人双方串通骗取保证人提供保证,保证人不承担保证责任。”王某在受骗的情况下出具保证,损害了王某的利益,故王某不应担责。笔者认为,上述观点值得商榷。理由是,《担保法解释》第三十九条第一款规定:“主合同当事人双方协议以新贷偿还旧贷,除保证人知道或应当知道的外,保证人不承担民事责任。”该解释之所以作此规定是由于:1.如果在旧贷没有保证人的情况下,以贷还贷使得原来没有担保的债权变成了有担保的债权,原来的债权可能是个呆账,主合同双方当事人擅自改变贷款用途,增大了保证人的风险,所以要考虑维护保证人的利益。2.如果旧贷与新贷均有保证人,但不是同一保证人的,与上同理,不再赘述。上述两种情形的共同特征就是新贷的保证人同旧贷没有任何关联,让其为旧贷的清偿作出牺牲,没有道理。还有第三种情形,在旧贷与新贷均有保证人,且保证人为同一人的情况下,保证人原则上应当承担保证责任。原因是,在新贷和旧贷是同一个保证人的情况下,新贷的保证人与旧贷是有关联的,由于债务人用新贷还了旧贷,从而免除了保证人对旧贷的保证责任,保证人承担的风险和责任就只是针对新贷的,较之债务人按照实际贷款用途使用新贷相比,保证人承担的责任要小。比如,如果债务人按照实际贷款用途使用新贷,而不搞以贷还贷,则旧债未了又出新债,保证人要承担旧贷和新贷两笔贷款的保证责任。由此,改变贷款用途以贷还贷的,对保证人的不利影响很小,因而,保证人无论是否知道债权人与债务人搞以贷还贷,均应承担后一份贷款的保证责任。所以,《担保法解释》第三十九条第二款又规定:“新贷与旧贷系同一保证人的,不适用前款的规定。”其本意就在于此。具体到本案,王某在旧贷中是主债务人,在新贷中是保证人,似乎不符合《担保法解释》第三十九条规定的“新贷与旧贷系同一保证人”的情形,但它也不同于一般的旧贷没有保证人、新旧贷没有任何关联的情形,它的特殊性就在于新贷的保证人王某是旧贷的主债务人,新旧贷之间存在关联性,换言之,A银行与赵某骗取王某担保的行为导致王某不再承担旧贷,王某利益并未受损,如果A银行与赵某不将新贷用于偿还旧贷,而是按照合同的约定购买原材料,王某是愿意为赵某提供保证的,那么王某将承担旧贷的还款责任和新贷的保证责任。现A银行与赵某以新还旧后,王某只需承担新贷的保证责任,而免除了旧贷的还款责任,王某的责任不仅没有加重,反而减轻了。《担保法解释》第三十九条规定的以贷还贷中,用后一个保证债务替代前一个保证债务,保证人尚不能免责,举轻以明重,本案中,王某用后一个保证债务替代前一个主债务(确切说王某是前一债务的唯一债务人),王某获利更大,岂不是更应该承担保证责任吗?当然,还有观点认为,本案由于借款主体发生变化了,已不再属于以贷还贷,其实,以贷还贷并非严格的法律术语,本文也无意在此专门探讨以贷还贷的确切含义。况且,即便本案不属于以贷还贷,王某也仍应承担保证责任。《担保法》第二十四条规定:“债权人与债务人协议变更主合同的,应当取得保证人书面同意,未经保证人书面同意的,保证人不再承担保证责任。保证合同另有约定的,按照约定。”而《担保法解释》第三十条第一款规定:“保证期间,债权人与债务人对主合同数量、价款、币种、利率等内容作了变动,未经保证人同意的,如果减轻债务人的债务的,保证人仍应当对变更后的合同承担保证责任;如果加重债务人的债务的,保证人对加重的部分不承担保证责任。”我们与其说《担保法解释》作出了与《担保法》不同的规定,倒不如说《担保法解释》是根据目的限缩解释的方法,对《担保法》作了更为详尽的、更符合立法本意的解释。从《担保法解释》第三十条、第三十九条的规定可以看出,最高法院秉承的司法态度就是不管主合同双方擅自改变借款用途也好,故意骗取保证人提供保证也罢,只要此种情形没有导致保证人增大责任,保证人就仍应承担保证责任。综上,笔者认为一、二审法院判决免除王某保证责任是不妥当的。

另需指出,看到本案时,笔者颇感疑惑,虽然旧贷的款项是由王某贷出后交给赵某使用,赵某是实际用款人,但从合同责任上看,王某是唯一债务人,旧贷与赵某没有任何法律关系。那么,赵某骗取王某提供保证,却为王某偿还债务,王某却不知情,明显有悖常理,唯一合理的解释就是旧贷贷款人是王某,实际用款人是赵某,二人与A银行共同商定以贷还贷,王某辩称其不知道以贷还贷不可信。当然推定王某对以新贷偿还旧贷的事实是知道的,仅凭法官的内心确认是不够的,必须要用扎实的事实和充分的证据作为依据,综合全案,慎重认定。



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齐齐哈尔市人民政府关于客运出租车辆管理暂行规定

黑龙江省齐齐哈尔市人民政府


齐齐哈尔市人民政府关于客运出租车辆管理暂行规定
齐齐哈尔市人民政府


第一章 总 则
第一条 为加强客运出租车辆管理,保障乘客和经营者的合法权益,维护社会治安秩序,根据国家有关法律、法规,结合本市实际,特制定本规定。
第二条 凡在本市境内的各种机动客运出租车辆(以下简称客运出租车辆),均依照本规定进行管理。
第三条 市、县(区)交通运输管理部门是同级人民政府的客运出租车辆行业主管部门。其主要职责是:规划和指导行业发展;发放客运出租车辆“营运证”;监督检查经营活动、服务质量、缴纳税费、执行运价和使用票据情况。
第四条 市、县(区)公安机关是客运出租车辆治安管理的监督检查机关,有权依据规定查处出租车辆上发生的各类案件及其他违法违章行为。经营者应同时接受工商、物价、税务、计量等有关部门的检查和指导。

第二章 营业审批
第五条 经营客运出租车辆的单位经营者必须是本市专业运输企业,个体经营者(单位和个体均简称经营者,下同)必须是本市常住人口,停薪留职、待业、无业人员,具有机动车辆驾驶证和号牌。
第六条 经营客运出租车辆按下列程序办理营业审批手续:
(一)单位持主管部门的证明,个人持所在地街道办事处或乡(镇)人民政府的证明,向所在县(区)交通运输管理部门提出营运申请,经审查同意后到工商行政管理部门办理客运出租车辆“营业执照”,到运输管理部门领取“营运证”。
(二)经营者凭客运出租车辆“营业执照”和“营运证”到所在地石油供应部门办理“石油供应证”(对个体经营者实行运费含油定额办法);到当地税务部门办理纳税登记;到当地保险公司办理保险手续。
(三)经营者凭客运出租车辆“营业执照”和“营运证”到市、县(区)公安机关办理“治安管理登记证”。
第七条 经批准经营的出租车辆必须符合下列规定:
(一)在指定位置安装出租标志灯;
(二)在指定位置喷印单位名称或个体出租字样,以及里程价格标志;
(三)在指定位置安装具有计量管理部门周期检定合格证的里程计价器;
(四)在指定位置安装防盗报警装置。

第三章 营运与治安管理
第八条 客运出租车辆必须符合公安交通管理部门对机动车辆的统一要求,保持车辆技术性能良好、车容车貌整洁。
第九条 在营运时间内,经营者必须做到:
(一)随车携带各种营业证件;
(二)佩带由工商行政管理部门统一发放的有本人照片、编号的胸签,实行专人专车制;
(三)文明服务,不得刁难、辱骂、殴打或敲诈勒萦乘客;
(四)车内无乘客时,应显示空车待租标志;
(五)在公安交通管理部门指定的停车场地有秩序地停放待租;
(六)严禁运送易燃、易爆、剧毒、腐蚀性放射性等危险品,以及接送携带上述物品的乘客。
第十条 严格执行齐价字〔1987〕第12号文件公布的《齐齐哈尔市出租汽车客运收费标准》,使用由交通运输管理部门和税务管理部门印制的统一票据,照章缴纳各种税费。严禁高价收费和偷漏税费。
第十一条 六个座位以上(合六个座位)的客运出租车辆,只限在批准经营的城区、镇内接送乘客。六个座位以下的客运出租车辆如需跨区域接送乘客,须经当地公安机关签发准行证后方可经营。
第十二条 经营者必须如实填写行车日记,定期交市、县(区)公安机关检查验证,不得隐瞒、谎报或逾期不报。
第十三条 客运出租车辆改型、变色或转卖时,须在工商、公安交通管理部门办理有关审批手续后,十日内到有关部门办理变更手续。
第十四条 经营者要求歇业或停业时,应在歇业前三十天、停业前七天内向原批准经营的有关部门办理歇业、停业手续。
第十五条 各级交通、公安、工商管理等部门应密切配合,对经营者进行遵纪守法、职业道德教育和专业培训。
经营者应积极支持和配合公安机关维护本行业的治安秩序,建立健全治安保卫组织和各项规章制度。
第十六条 经营者发现利用客运出租车辆从事赌博、盗窃、流氓、卖淫、嫖宿等违法犯罪活动及公安机关通缉的逃犯和重大可疑人员时,应及时报告公安机关,不得包庇或知情不举。
第十七条 乘客应文明乘车,按标准付费。不准敲诈经营者;不准强行登车和装载货物;不准胁迫经营者进行违法犯罪活动;不准胁迫经营者拉运禁运品;不准侮辱或殴打经营者;不准损坏车辆装置。

第四章 奖励与惩罚
第十八条 凡模范遵守和认真执行本规定,检举揭发违法犯罪活动,同犯罪分子做斗争有突出贡献的经营者,应予表彰或奖励。
第十九条 对违反本规定的经营者或乘客,视其情节轻重,分别给予以下处罚:
(一)违反本规定第七条,第八条,第九条(一)、(二)、(四)、(五)项,第十一条至第十四条的,分别给予警告、一百元以下罚款,令其停业三至十天。
(二)违反本规定第九条(三)、(六)项的,按《中华人民共和国治安管理处罚条例》第二十条(二)项、第二十二条(一)项、第二十三条(三)项规定处罚,令其停业十至二十天。
(三)违反本规定第十七条的,分别给予警告、二百元以下罚款、十五日以下治安拘留,损坏车辆装置的还须照价赔偿。
(四)违反本规定第六条的,没收其非法所得,处五百元以下罚款;情节严重的,并处十五日以下治安拘留,扣留车辆。
(五)违反本规定第十条的,没收其非法收入,并处二百元以上、五千元以下罚款。
(六)违反本规定第十六条的,没收其非法收入,处二百元以上、五千元以下罚款,并处十五日以下治安拘留或依照规定实行劳动教养,有关部门缴销其各种营业证照。情节严重者,经查明客运出租车辆属于本人所有的,应予没收。构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任。
第二十条 罚款必须使用统一票据,罚没款物如数上缴市、县财政。
第二十一条 各有关部门的管理人员应认真履行职责,严格执行本规定。对以权谋私、滥用职权或玩忽职守的工作人员,视其情节轻重,由主管部门给予政纪处分,直至依法追究刑事责任。

第五章 附 则
第二十二条 本规定罚款所说“以上、以下”均包括本数在内。
第二十三条 从事客运出租的非机动车辆,参照本规定进行管理。
第二十四条 本规定属于营运管理部分,由齐齐哈尔市交通局负责解释;属于治安管理部分,由齐齐哈尔市公安局负责解释。
第二十五条 本规定未尽事项,凡国家和省、市已有规定的,按规定执行。
第二十六条 本规定自公布之日起施行。
第二十七条 本规定如与上级规定抵触时,按上级规定执行。



1988年4月25日

中华人民共和国国境口岸卫生监督办法(附英文)

卫生部、交通部 等


中华人民共和国国境口岸卫生监督办法(附英文)

1982年2月4日,卫生部、交通部、中国民航管理局、铁道部

第一章 总 则
第一条 为了加强国境口岸和国际航行交通工具的卫生监督工作,改善国境口岸和交通工具的卫生面貌,控制和消灭传染源,切断传播途径,防止传染病由国外传入和由国内传出,保障人民身体健康,根据《中华人民共和国国境卫生检疫条例》第三条的规定,制定本办法.
第二条 本办法适用于对外开放的港口、机场、车站、关口(下称国境口岸)和停留在这些处所的国际航行的船舶、飞机和车辆(下称交通工具).

第二章 国境口岸的卫生要求
第三条 国境口岸应当建立卫生清扫制度,消灭蚊蝇孳生场所,设置污物箱,定期进行清理,保持环境整洁.
第四条 国境口岸的生活垃圾应当日产日清,设置的固定垃圾场,应当定期清除;生活污水不得任意排放,应当做到无害化处理,以防止污染环境和水源.
第五条 对国境口岸的建筑物,有关部门应当采取切实可行的措施,控制病媒昆虫、啮齿动物,使其数量降低到不足为害的程度.
第六条 候船室、候机室、候车室、候检室应当做到地面整洁、墙壁无尘土、窗明几净、通风良好,并备有必要的卫生设施.
第七条 国境口岸的餐厅、食堂、厨房、小卖部应当建立和健 全卫生制度,经常保持整洁,做到墙壁、天花板、桌椅清洁无尘土.应当有防蚊、防蝇、防鼠和冷藏设备,做到室内无蚊、无蝇、无鼠、无蟑螂.
第八条 国境口岸的厕所和浴室应当有专人管理,及时打扫, 保持整洁,做到无蝇、无臭味.
第九条 国境口岸的仓库、货场应当保持清洁、整齐;发现鼠类有反常死亡时,应当及时向卫生检疫机关或地方卫生防疫部门报告.
第十条 做好国境口岸水源保护,在水源周围直径三十米内, 不得修建厕所、渗井等污染水源设施.

第三章 交通工具的卫生要求
第十一条 交通工具上必须备有急救药物、急救设备及消毒、 杀虫、灭鼠药物.必要时,船舶上还需安排临时隔离室.
第十二条 交通工具上的病媒昆虫和啮齿动物的防除:
(一)船舶、飞机、列车上,应当备有足够数量有效的防鼠装置;保持无鼠或鼠类数量保持不足为害的程度.
(二)应当保持无蚊、无蝇、无其他有害昆虫,一旦发现应当采取杀灭措施.
第十三条 交通工具上的厕所、浴室必须保持整洁,无臭味.
第十四条 交通工具上的粪便、垃圾、污水处理的卫生要求:
(一)生活垃圾应当集中放在带盖的容器内,禁止向港区、机场、站区随意倾倒,应当由污物专用车(船)集中送往指定地点进行无害化处理.必要时,粪便、污水须经过卫生处理后方能排放;
(二)来自鼠疫疫区交通工具上的固体垃圾必须进行焚化处理,来自霍乱疫区交通工具上的粪便,压舱水、污水,必要时实施消毒.
第十五条 交通工具的货舱、行李车、邮政车和货车的卫生要求:
(一)货舱、行李车、邮政车、货车应当消灭蚊、蝇、鼠、蟑螂等病媒昆虫和有害动物及其孳生条件;在装货前或卸货后应当进行彻底清扫,做到无粪便、垃圾.
(二)凡装载有毒物品和食品的货车,应当分开按指定地点存放,防止污染,货物卸空后应当进行彻底洗刷;
(三)来自疫区的行李、货物,要严格检查,防止带有病媒昆虫和啮齿动物.
第十六条 交通工具上的客舱、宿舱、客车的卫生要求:
(一)客舱、宿舱和客车应当随时擦洗,保持无垃圾尘土,通风良好;
(二)卧具每次使用后必须更换.卧具上不得有虱子、跳蚤、臭虫等病媒昆虫.

第四章 食品、饮用水及从业人员的卫生要求
第十七条 供应国境口岸和交通工具上的食品必须符合《中华人民共和国食品卫生管理条例》(注解:该条例已被一九八二年十一月十九日五届人大常委会通过的《中华人民共和国食品卫生法(试行)》明令废止,现按食品卫生法的有关规定执行.)的规定和食品卫生标准.
第十八条 凡供应国境口岸和交通工具上的饮用水必须符合我国规定的“生活饮用水卫生标准”.供应饮用水的运输工具、储存容器及输水管道等设备都应当经常冲洗干净,保持清洁.
第十九条 供应食品、饮用水的从业人员的卫生要求:
(一)患有肠道传染病的患者或带菌者,以及活动性结核病、化浓性渗出性皮肤病患者,不得从事食品和饮用水供应工作;
(二)从事食品、饮用水供应工作的人员,应当每年进行一次健康检查,新参加工作的人员,应当首先进行健康检查,经检查合格者,发给健康证;
(三)从事食品、饮用水供应工作的人员,要养成良好卫生习惯,工作时要着装整洁,严格遵守卫生操作制度.

第五章 国境口岸和交通工具的负责人的责任
第二十条 国境口岸和交通工具负责人在卫生工作方面的责任是:
(一)应当经常抓好卫生工作,接受卫生监督人员的监督和检查,并为其开展工作提供方便条件;
(二)应当模范地遵守本办法和其它卫生法令、条例和规定.
(三)应当按照卫生监督人员的建议,对国境口岸和交通工具的不卫生状况,及时采取措施,加以改进;
(四)在发现检疫传染病和监测传染病时,应当向国境卫生检疫机关或地方防疫部门报告,并立即采取防疫措施.

第六章 卫生监督机关的职责
第二十一条 国境口岸卫生检疫机关在当地人民政府的领导下,对国境口岸和交通工具进行卫生监督,其主要职责是:
(一)监督和指导国境口岸有关部门和交通工具的负责人对病媒昆虫、啮齿动物进行防除;
(二)对停留在国境口岸出入国境的交通工具上的食品、饮用水实施检验,并对运输、供应、贮存设施等系统进行卫生监督;
(三)对国境口岸和交通工具上的所有非因意外伤害致死的尸体,实施检查、监督和卫生处理;
(四)监督国境口岸有关部门和交通工具的负责人对粪便、垃圾、污水进行清除和无害化处理;
(五)对与检疫传染病,监测传染病有流行病学意义的环境因素实施卫生监督;
(六)监督国境口岸周围内采取防蚊措施的执行.
(七)开展卫生宣传教育,普及卫生知识,提高国境口岸和交通工具上的人员遵守和执行本办法的自觉性.
第二十二条 国境口岸卫生检疫机关设国境口岸卫生监督员一至五名,执行卫生监督任务,由思想品质好,工作认真负责的国境口岸卫生检疫机关领导干部、检疫医师以上的业务人员兼任.国境口岸卫生监督员,经卫生检疫机关推荐,省、自治区、直辖市卫生行政主管部门审核,由中华人民共和国卫生部委任,并发给《国境口岸卫生监督员证件》(式样附后).
第二十三条 国境口岸卫生监督员持其证件,有权对国境口岸和交通工具的负责人,进行卫生监督、检查和技术指导;配合有关部门,对卫生工作情况不良或引起传染病传播的单位或个人,提出改进意见,协同有关部门采取必要措施,进行处理.

第七章 奖励和惩罚
第二十四条 国境口岸卫生检疫机关,对贯彻执行本办法和国家有关卫生法令、条例、规定,做出显著成绩的单位和个人,应当给予表扬和奖励.
第二十五条 国境口岸卫生检疫机关,对违犯本办法和有关卫生法令、条例、规定的单位和个人,应当根据不同情况,给予警告、罚款,直至提请司法机关依法惩处.

第八章 附 则
第二十六条 本办法自发布之日起施行.

附:
国境口岸卫生监督员证件式样
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中华人民共和国 | 此证根据中华人民共和
国境口岸卫生监督员证 | 国国务院文件
(国徽) | 国发(1981)号
中华人民共和国卫生部制发 | 批示监制
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85mm 正面(封面) 第二页
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| 相 | 姓名 性别 (注意事项另订) |
| | 年龄 籍贯 |
| 片 | 工作单位 |
|------| 职别 |
| 编号 字第 号 |
| 发证日期 年 月 日 |
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内第三页 内第四页
说 明
一、证件长为120mm,宽为85mm,用红色软皮塑料制成,正
面印有国徽图案,字体为金色印体字.
二、内页用卡片纸印成格式套在塑料皮内.
1、内第一页空白插入塑料皮内;
2、内第二页填写发证根据;
3、内第三页填写监督员自然情况;
4、内第四页填写监督员权力和职责;
5、内第五页空白填写[附记]二字;
6、内第六页空白插入塑料皮后面.

MEASURES CONCERNING SUPERVISION OF SANITATION AT BORDER PORTS OFTHE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)
MEASURES CONCERNING SUPERVISION OF SANITATION AT BORDER PORTS OF
THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
(Approved by the State Council on December 30, 1981 and promul-
gated by the Ministry of Public Health, Ministry of Communications,
General Administration of Civil Aviation of China and the Ministry of
Railways on February 4, 1982)

Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1
These Measures are formulated, as required by Article 3 of the Frontier
Health and Quarantine Regulations of the People's Republic of China [*1],
to strengthen the supervision of sanitation at border ports and aboard
international means of transport, to improve their sanitary conditions and
to block up and extinguish sources of infection, cut off channels of
spreading, prevent infectious diseases from spreading into or out of the
country and protect the health of the people.
Article 2
These measures shall apply to sea ports, airports, railway stations and
passes open to the outside world (hereinafter generally referred to as
"border ports") and to international vessels, aircraft and vehicles
(hereinafter referred to as "means of transport") staying in these places.

Chapter II Sanitation Requirements at Border Ports
Article 3
A cleaning system shall be established in border ports to eliminate the
breeding grounds of flies and mosquitos, install litter bins and their
regular cleaning so as to keep the environment clean and tidy.
Article 4
Domestic refuse in border ports shall be removed every day and fixed
refuse dumps provided for that purpose shall be regularly cleared;
domestic sewage shall not be drained off indiscriminately and shall go
through disinfecting treatment so as to prevent the environment and water
sources from contamination.
Article 5
The departments concerned shall adopt feasible measures to reduce the
numbers of insect vectors and rodents to a harmless level in the buildings
of border ports.
Article 6
All floors of waiting rooms in piers, airports, stations and customs
houses shall be kept neat and clean, their walls dust-free and their
windows and tables bright and clean. They shall be well ventilated and
equipped with necessary sanitation facilities.
Article 7
A perfect sanitation system shall be established in restaurants, cafes,
canteens, dining rooms, kitchens, buffets and small shops in border ports
so as to regularly keep them clean and tidy and make their walls,
ceilings, tables and chairs clean and dustfree. The places shall be
provided with refrigeration equipment and equipment against mosquitos,
flies, mice and cockroaches and no such pests and rodents shall be found
inside these buildings.
Article 8
Attendants shall be put in charge of the toilets and bathrooms in border
ports, cleaning them regularly and keeping them clean and tidy so as to
rid them of flies and nasty odours.
Article 9
The warehouses, godowns and goods yards in border ports shall be kept
clean and tidy. When abnormal death of mice or rats is found, immediate
reports shall be given to health quarantine authorities or local public
health and epidemic prevention departments.
Article 10
The water sources for border ports shall be well protected and toilets,
seepage wells, etc. which will pollute the water sources shall not be
built within a distance of 30 meters in diameter from a water source.

Chapter III Sanitation Requirements for Means of Transport
Article 11
Means of transport shall be equipped with first-aid medicines and
equipment as well as disinfectants, insecticides and rodenticides. If
necessary, provisional quarantine rooms shall be arranged aboard ships.
Article 12
Provisions concerning the prevention and elimination of insect vectors and
rodents from means of transport:
(1) ships, aircraft and trains shall be provided with adequate preventive
measures against rodents so as to eliminate them or to reduce their
numbers to a harmless level;
(2) these means of transport shall be kept free from mosquitos, flies or
other harmful insects, which shall be eliminated upon discovery.
Article 13
The toilets and bathrooms on means of transport shall be kept clean, tidy
and free from unpleasant odours.
Article 14
The sanitation requirements for the disposal of excrement, urine, refuse
and sewage on means of transport are as follows:
(1) daily refuse shall be put in containers with covers, prohibited from
being dumped indiscriminately into port areas, airports or station areas
and must be removed by means of special refuse vehicles (or vessels) to
designated places for treatment. If necessary, excrement, urine and sewage
shall go through sanitary treatment before being disposed of;
(2) the refuse in solid form on board means of transport from epidemic
areas of plague shall be disposed of by incineration, while the excrement,
urine, ballast water and sewage on board means of transport from the
epidemic areas of cholera shall be sterilized if necessary.
Article 15
The sanitation requirements for cargo holds, luggage cars, postal cars and
freight cars of means of transport as well as trucks are as follows:
(1) such insect vectors and harmful animals as mosquitos, flies,
cockroaches and mice and conditions favourable for their breeding shall be
eliminated from cargo holds, luggage cars, postal cars, freight cars and
trucks which shall be thoroughly cleaned before goods are being loaded or
unloaded so as to be free of excrement, urine and refuse;
(2) the freight cars or trucks carrying poisonous substances and food
shall be placed separately in different designated places so as to avoid
contamination and shall be thoroughly cleaned after goods are completely
unloaded;
(3) the luggage and goods from epidemic areas shall be carefully examined
so that no insect vectors and rodents shall subsist therein.
Article 16
The sanitation requirements for passenger cabins, lodging cabins and
passenger cars of means of transport as well as passenger vehicles are as
follows:
(1) passenger cabins, lodging cabins, passenger cars and other passenger
vehicles shall be cleaned whenever necessary, kept free of refuse and dust
and well ventilated;
(2) beddings shall be replaced and washed after use each time and be free
of lice, fleas, bedbugs or other insect vectors.

Chapter IV Sanitation Requirements for Food, Drinking Water and Personnel Engaged in These Trades
Article 17
The food supplied to border ports and on means of transport shall conform
to the provisions in the Regulations of People's Republic of China on Food
Hygienic Control [*2] and food hygienic standards.
Article 18
The drinking water supplied to border ports and on means of transport
shall conform to Hygienic Standards of Drinking Water stipulated by the
state. The vehicles used in transporting drinking water as well as storage
containers and water pipelines shall be cleaned regularly and kept clean.
Article 19
The health requirements for personnel engaged in supplying food and
drinking water as follows:
(1) the patients or carriers of infectious intestinal diseases or
sufferers from active tuberculosis or suppurative exudative dermatosis
shall not be engaged in supplying food and drinking water;
(2) all personnel engaged in the supply of food and drinking water shall
go through a medical check-up every year. Those newly engaged in this work
shall first have a medical check-up and those proved up to the standard
shall be granted health certificates;
(3) the personnel engaged in the supply of food and drinking water shall
cultivate good hygienic habits, dress neatly and cleanly at work and
strictly abide by the hygienic operation system.

Chapter V The Duties of Persons in Charge of Border Ports and Means of Transport
Article 20
The duties of the officers in charge of border ports and means of
transport pertaining to sanitation and hygiene are as follows:
(1) to do a good job in keeping up to the sanitation and hygiene
standards, and be always ready for the supervision and inspection by the
sanitary supervision personnel and provide them with facilities for their
work;
(2) to play an exemplary role in abiding by these Measures and other
sanitation decrees, regulations and provisions;
(3) to promptly adopt remedial measures to change the unsanitary
conditions of border ports and the means of transport in accordance with
the advice of the sanitation supervisors;
(4) to report to the border health quarantine authorities or local
epidemic prevention department and immediately adopt epidemic prevention
measures when a quarantine infectious disease or a monitored one is found.

Chapter VI The Responsibilities of Sanitation Supervision Authori- ties
Article 21
The health quarantine authorities in border ports shall exercise
sanitation supervision over border ports and means of transport under the
leadership of local people's governments. Their major responsibilities
are:
(1) to supervise and direct the officers in charge of the departments
concerned in border ports and on means of transport in the prevention and
elimination of insect vectors and rodents;
(2) to examine the food and drinking water on board means of transport
parked in border ports and ready to cross border in both directions and
exercise sanitation supervision over systems of transport, supply and
storage facilities;
(3) to carry out examination, supervision and hygienic treatment of
persons who have died from causes other than accidents in border ports and
on board means of transport;
(4) to supervise the officers in charge of the departments concerned in
border ports and means of transport in the removal and treatment of
excrement, urine, refuse and sewage;
(5) to exercise sanitation supervision over environmental factors which
are of epidemiological significance to quarantine and monitored infectious
diseases;
(6) to monitor the implementation of the measures to prevent mosquitoes
from breeding in the vicinity of border ports; and
(7) to conduct hygiene publicity and education, spread hygiene knowledge
among people and heighten the consciousness of the personnel in border
ports and on means of transport to abide by and implement these Measures.
Article 22
A border port health quarantine organ shall be provided with 1 to 5 border
port sanitation supervisors to carry out the tasks of sanitation
supervision and such ports shall be concurrently held by the leading
cadres and professional personnel above the rank of quarantine doctor of
the border port health quarantine organ, who are of commendable
personality and great conscientiousness in work. Border port sanitation
supervisors shall be recommended by health quarantine authorities,
screened by the public health administration authorities of the provinces,
municipalities directly under the Central Government and autonomous
regions, and appointed by the Ministry of Public Health of the People's
Republic of China and granted Certificates of Border Port Sanitation
Supervisors.
Article 23
On the strength of their certificates, border port sanitation supervisors
shall have the right to exercise sanitation supervision, inspection and
technical guidance over the officers in charge of border ports and means
of transport; they may in conjunction with departments concerned, put
forward proposals for improvement to the units or individuals concerned
whose sanitation work is dissatisfactory and has resulted in the spread of
infectious disease and take necessary measures to deal with them in
conjunction with the departments concerned.

Chapter VII Rewards and Punishments
Article 24
Border port quarantine authorities shall commend and reward units and
individuals that have made remarkable achievements in the implementation
of these Measures and the state decrees, regulations and provisions
relating to public health.
Article 25
Border port health quarantine authorities shall, on the merit of each
case, warn or fine the units and individuals that have contravened these
Measures and the decrees, regulations and provisions relating to public
health and may submit the cases to the judicial organs for punishment
according to law.

Chapter VIII Supplementary Provision
Article 26
These Measures shall go into effect as of the date of promulgation.
Notes:
[*1] The said Regulations were nullified by Frontier Health and Quarantine
Law of the People's Republic of China adopted by the Standing Committee of
the Sixth National People's Congress on December 2, 1986, the Measures
shall be effective. [*2] The said Regulations were nullified by Food
Hygiene Law of the People's Republic of China (For Trial Implementation)
adopted by the Standing Committee of the Fifth National People's Congress
on November 19, 1982 and the Law shall apply instead - The Editor.